What Would You Have to Do to Store Strings of Different Lengths in a Normal Array?

An array is a sequential drove of variables of same information type which can be accessed using an integer as index, that more often than not starts from 0. It stores data elements in a continuous retentivity location. Each chemical element can be individually referenced with its respective index.

one-Dimensional array: It is a linear array that stores elements in a sequential order. Let us try to demonstrate this with an case: Permit us say we have to store integers 2, 3, 5, 4, half-dozen, 7. We tin store it in an array of integer data blazon. The way to do it is:

                      dataType nameOfTheArray [sizeOfTheArray];   int Arr[6];                  

Here Arr is the proper name of array and half-dozen is the size. It is necessary to define the size assortment at compile time.

To store the in a higher place elements in the array:

          dataType nameOfTheArray [ ] = {elements of array };      int Arr [ ] = { two, iii, five, four, 6, seven };                  

Since, the indexing of an assortment starts from 0, if the quaternary chemical element needs to exist accessed, Arr [ 3 ] volition give you the value of the quaternary element. Similarly, nth element tin can be accessed past Arr[n-one].

Multidimensional array: It tin be considered as an array of arrays. The most commonly used multidimensional array is 2-dimensional array. It stores the elements using two indices, which give the data, in which row and which cavalcade a particular element is stored. A 2d assortment is essentially a matrix.

Declaration:

          char A[ three ] [ two ] ;                  

Here, A is a 2d array of character information type. The array contains 3 rows and 2 columns.

This assortment can be used to store 3 words of length 2, for example - PI, OM, GD. These words will exist stored in the assortment as shown in the figure:

Here rows and columns start with 0 index. If you have to access 'G' graphic symbol, you lot can access it by A[ 1 ] [ 1 ].

Let's experiment with the code below:

          #include<stdio.h> #include<iostream>  using namespace std; int main( ) {     int Arr[half dozen]; // declaring Arr     Arr[ ] = { 2, three, 5, four, six, 7 }; // Initializing Arr by storing some elements in information technology.     char A [ 3 ] [ two ]; // declaring a 2D array     A [ 3 ] [ 2 ] = { { 'P', 'I'} , {'O', 'M' } , {'G', 'D'} } ;      // Accessing and printing the 3rd element of the first array.     printf("The tertiary element of Arr is\north ",  Arr[ two ]);     // Printing all the elements of Arr    for (int i = 0; i < vi ; i ++ )        printf("%d ", Arr[i]);    printf("\n");     // Press all the element of A[ ][ ]     printf("All the elements of 2D array A[ ][ ] are : \n");     for( int i = 0 ; i < iii; i++ ) {       for(int j= 0 ; j < ii ; j++ ) {             printf("%c ", A[i][j]);    }    printf("\north");   }   render 0; }                  

Output :

The third chemical element of Arr is 5
2 iii 5 4 6 7
All the elements of 2nd array A[ ][ ] are :
P I
O Thou
G D

Time for a surprise quiz on array? Great. Here it is. Let's say that you have an array: A[ half dozen ] = {2, five, vi, 4, 7, 9} and you have to find the sum of elements between index ii to 4. How will you do that ?

You tin but run a loop from starting index to catastrophe alphabetize and can store the sum in the particular variable. Let's implement this in C++:

          #include<iostream> #include<stdio.h> using namespace std; int primary ( ) {     int A[ 6 ] = {two, five, six, 4, seven, nine } ;      // Accept a variable of integer type to store sum and initialize it to 0 .     int SUM = 0;      /* Run a loop from starting index to ending alphabetize. */      for( int i = 2 ; i <= iv ;i++ ) {         SUM = SUM + A[ i ] ;     }     printf("The required output is:  %d\n", SUM);     render 0; }                  

Output :
The required output is: 17

Let'south talk about strings now.

A string is essentially a sequence of characters. In other words, we tin say that string is an array of character data type. An example of a string is called a string literal . They are enclosed in double quotes ("") . For example "HackerEarth" is a called a string literal. There are two types of string in C++: C-style string String class type

C-style strings are one dimensional assortment of characters. Yet they have a special holding, they end with a goose egg character ('\0') to signify the end of the cord.

Announcement:

          char str[ 6 ];                  

Initialization: A character array can be initialized similar any other normal array

          char str[ vi ] = { 'H', 'E', 'Fifty', 'Fifty', 'O' };                  

or it can directly be initialized using a string literal

          char str[ ] = "Hi";                  

str is a string which has an instance (string literal) "HELLO". In spite of only 5 characters, the size of the cord is 6, because the null character represents the end of the cord. The null character is automatically added by the compiler every bit long as the size of the assortment is at least one larger than the size of the string. Information technology is non mandatory that the array size (North) be exactly greater than the size of the string (due north) past 1 i.e. N >= northward + ane

To take C-way string as an input you can simple employ scanf() with '%s' format specifier or we tin can also use cin. It will take input until we press a infinite or enter. For example:

          char a[10]; scanf("%southward", a);                  

Similarly you tin can print the C-style string with the printf() with '%s' format specifier or cout.

          printf("%s\n", a);                  

Now allow the states talk well-nigh C++ string data type. It is different than your usual C-style string function in many ways. In C, strings are just graphic symbol arrays which terminate with a cypher character. However in C++ strings, i need not bother most the dimensions of the assortment, or the null character. C++ provides an internal class type which is used for working with strings. Strings can exist declared and initialized as follows

Declaration:

          string str;                  

Initialization:

                      string str = "HELLO";                  

Please annotation that even though C++ strings are a separate class type, their characters tin notwithstanding be referenced using a 0 based indexing, just like C strings. For example in the higher up example str[ 2 ] is the character 'L' and i tin can iterate over the cord but like a normal array.

Let united states now consider some functions which nosotros can perform on strings. In C there are some predefined functions that can be used to do common operations on strings like copy, chain, comparison and finding the length. An important affair to note is that all the functions which are used in C-style string office can too be applied on C++ string.

Copy: Copy ane string to other. C-style string office:

                      strcpy(s1, s2);         C++ string:     s2 = s1;                  

Length: Finding the length of the string. C-manner string role: strlen(s1); C++ string:

          s1.size();                  

Concatenate: Adding ane string at the end of the other. C-style string function: strcat(s1, s2);

C++ string:

          s1 += s2;                  

Compare: Comparing two cord if they are equal or not. C-style cord part:

          strcmp(s1, s2);                  

C++ string:

          s1 == s2                  

NOTE: All the in a higher place C-style string functions are in header file of C++.

To take string data blazon as an input you lot cannot use scanf(). We need to use cin. Information technology will take input until nosotros printing a space or enter. For example:

          cord a; cin >> a;                  

Similarly you cannot print the string information blazon with the printf() directly. Either nosotros tin use cout or nosotros can convert the cord data type into the C-style string using c_str() function and then use printf().

          string a = "How-do-you-do"; cout << a << endl; printf("%southward\n", a.c_str());                  

Consider the problem of finding the length of a cord without using whatever inbuilt functions.

To compute the length of the string, we should traverse from the beginning till when the null character is encountered. Since the null grapheme stand for the end of the string - thus, helping u.s. know that we have reached the end of the string.

          #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream> #include <cstring>  using namespace std;  int main() {     char str[] = "HELLO";                   // Declaration and Initialization     int length1 = 0, length2;      // Loop from showtime till we reach null character.     for(int i = 0 ; str[i] != '\0'; ++i)                         length1++;      length2 = strlen(str);     printf("The length of the string str is: %d\n", length1);     printf("The length of the cord str is: %d\n", length2);     return 0; }                  

Output:
The length of the cord str is: 5
The length of the cord str is: 5

str has the instance "Hullo". We start from the start i.e., s[ 0 ] which is equal to 'H' and compare it with null character. So, we will go along this past comparing each character in the string with the null grapheme.

Now, permit's give y'all some issues to ponder on before the contest adjacent week:

Q: How volition you lot re-create ane cord to another without using whatsoever inbuilt libraries?
Q: How volition yous insert an element into an array at a given particular position?
Q: How will yous notice out the number of occurrences of a particular character in a string?

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Source: https://www.hackerearth.com/practice/notes/array-and-strings-code-monk/

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